Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease?

• A. Diet
• B. Smoking
• C. Age
• D. Hypertension

Answer: (C)

Age is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease because you can’t change a person’s age, and risk naturally rises with advancing years due to cumulative arterial changes and vascular aging. In practice, the higher risk associated with age reflects long-term exposure to atherosclerotic processes, not something we can alter.

The other factors listed are modifiable. Diet, smoking, and hypertension can be addressed through lifestyle changes, medications, or both to reduce risk. For example, quitting smoking, adopting a heart-healthy diet, and achieving blood pressure control can meaningfully lower the likelihood of developing or worsening coronary artery disease. In patient assessment, recognize age as a fixed risk, while actively targeting modifiable factors to lower overall risk.